Feminism in Literature Essay

Feminism has gradu on the wholey become more than far-ranging and subtle in its attacks on manful-dominated fraternity. M any(prenominal) injustices still need to be corrected, hardly equ wholey necessary is a more down-to-earth, tolerant and humane view of fellow human cosmoss. Introduction Many womens liberationists dislike theory. lancinate intellectual categories, argu mentation, seeming objectivity, and the whole tradition they grow out of argon just what womens liberationists are seeking to escape.And if their reasoning seems unsystematic they dirty dog pass off support from the psychoanalysis of Lacan and Julia Kristeva, fromDerridas deconstruction, and from Rortys view that philosophy should mould itself on an edifying conversation seeking rapprochement rather than no-holds-barred gladiatorial combat. Androgynist Poetics Critics, being generally manly, had non generally bear on themselves with sexual practice issues. almost of the worlds great literary produ ctions had been written by men. Sappho, Austen, the Brontes and Emily Dickinson apart, it was tight to think women rightfully had it in them to write at the highest level.Literature was publications, and critics sawing machine no need to distinguish a specifically feminine agency of writing or responding to a text. Virginia Woolf was herself a refutation of that thesis, though her affable breakdown was perhaps brought on by the strain of balancing male self-realization with female abnegation. But in her essay Professions for Women, Woolf complained totally that womens friendly obligations hindered a writing career. Their lives gave them a different perspective, however women were non fundamentally different from men in their mental needs and out tonicitys. GynocriticismThe company libber movement genuinely lots disagreed, and argued that womens writing express a distinctive female consciousness, which was more discursive and conjunctive than its male counterpart. Suc h consciousness was radically different, and had been adversely treated. Simone de Beauvoir in The Second provoke documented the ways Legislators, priests, philosophers, writers and scientists have striven to show that the subordinate position of women is exited in heaven and advantageous on earth. Women had been made to feel that they were inferior by nature and, though men paid lip-service to equality, they would resist its implementation. most men might be sympathetic to womens issues, but only women themselves knew what they tangle and wanted. And perhaps they always knew. The essays collected in Susan Cornillons 1972 anthology Images of Women in fictionalisation all suggested that nineteenth and twentieth century fiction was simply out of true to womens experience. Rather than search for the essentially feminine, critics now turned to the social context of womens writing, to the ways a male-orientated society had formed or deformed individual novels, plays and poems writt en by women.Adventure and romance, whoever written for, seemed to emphasise the male competitive element, and even the submissive partner of gay literature only imitated the female stereotype. not all agreed, of course. Norman Mailers The captive of Sex disliked the blanket criticism of Kate Millets Sexual Politics, present its examples were too selective chosen. Gynesis Nonetheless, by the premature eighties, feminists had advanced to a much more confrontational attack on male hegemony, advocating a sleep togetherd overthrow of the biased (male) canon of literature.French feminists argued that women should write with a great consciousness of their bodies, which would create a more honest and appropriate expressive style of openness, fragmentation and non-linearity. Parallel studies in the visual arts stressed a feminine sensibility of soft fluid colours, an emphasis on the own(prenominal) and decorative, and on forms that evoked the female genitalia. And the problem lay de eper still, in the speech itself. Words had been coined to express a male point of view, and that was hence misogynist. Some 220 words exist in English for the sexually promiscuous adult female, but only 22 for promiscuous men.And in the sexual matters that really concerned them, the vocabulary was hopelessly restricted. Discourse was power, said Foucault, and psychoanalysts likeLacan and Kristeva stressed the liberating role that literature should play, particularly to allow the semiotic flux of the unconscious in early childhood, i. e. before the symbolic world of public discourse imposed its male-favouring rules. Poets worked on the boundaries of the two realms, and Kristeva urged them to en sexual urge political and feminist revolutions by dissolving the conventions of conventionality discourse. sexual activity Theory Five years later the debate had locomote on, from exclusively feminine concerns to the wider issues of gender in social and cultural contexts. patriarchate an d capitalism should be examined more closely, perhaps as Althusser had attempted, and sophisticated models build to integrate the larger web of frugals, education, division of labour, biological constraints and cultural assumptions. Michele Barrett demanded facts, research. How does gender stereotyping arise in various social contexts? How are the canons of literary honesty actually established?What is the practical effect on literature? Shouldnt we remember that attitudes are struck within a fictional framework, and cant be simply pulled out and convicted by a kangaroo judicial system of feminist morals? Critique Literature will frequently hypothecate the cultural assumptions and attitudes of its period, and that of course includes attitudes towards women their status, their roles, their expectations. But a literature doctored of male-orientated views would be impuissance in its first requirement, to present a realistic or persuade picture of the world.Moralizing, which incl udes political correctness, has its dangers. womens rightists have argued for positive discrimination as the only way to correct centuries of bias. Nonetheless, the consensus emerging among black Americans is that positive discrimination is counter-productive. disfavor minorities desperately need the odds levelled, but not patronizingly leaning in their favour. Psychoanalysis has little scientific standing, and Lacanian theory is further contend within the psychoanalytical community itself.Feminism does itself few favours by relying on these supports. A more damaging criticism is the concept of the feminine itself. Does it really exist? There are very real differences in the psychological earn-up amongst the sexes, but testing also indicates what anthropologists have keen-sighted accepted the expression of those differences is more determined by cultural factors than sexual activity per se. Feminists who argue for a more understanding, fluid, and delicate attitude are not so much advocating qualities native to women but for attitudes still repressed by society.That in turn suggests society itself needs exploring rather than sex differences per se, which is indeed a view more recognized in contemporary feminist studies. Feminist Literature Feminist literature, as the name suggests, is establish on the principles of feminism, and refers to any literary work that centers around the struggle of a woman for equality, and to be accepted as a human being, before being cast into a gender stereotype. Not all these works respect a direct approach towards this goal of equality. It is only through such media that women believed a change was possible in the way they were perceived in society.Not all feminist literature has been written by women, but also by men who understood women beyond the roles they were expected to rack up into, and delved into their psyche to understand their needs and desires. Some works may be fictional, while others may be non fictional . Here, we take a look into the characteristics of feminist literature, and give you a list of some of the legion(predicate) works of feminist literature, that make for a good read if you truly desire to get word extensively about this form of writing and what it stood for.Characteristics of Feminist Literature Feminist literature is identified by the many characteristics of the feminist movement. This will dish up you understand exactly what is feminist literature. Authors of feminist literature are cognize to understand and explain the difference between sex and gender. They believe that though a persons sex is predetermined and natural, it is the gender that has been created by society, along with a particular perception about gender roles. Gender roles, they believe, can be altered over time.The predominance of one gender over the other, is a common concept across almost all societies, and the fact that it is not in favor of women is an underlying, yet blatant, characteristi c of feminist or womens literature. Here, it is argued that any society that does not provide bring of learning and knowledge to both genders equally is not a complete and impartial society. Critics argue that there wasnt much difference between male and female authors, and that there was no need to identify a separate class of literature termed as feminist or look for traces of feminism in literature.However, if you read any such work, you will pee-pee how such writers criticized societys andocentric (male-centered) approach, and tried to understand the beliefs and needs of the verso sex with a subjective, and not an objective, approach. Take for example Jane Austens compliment and Prejudice. The protagonist, Elizabeth Bennett was a woman of her mind. Despite the societal pressure (put on her by her mother) to choose a partner, and to lead a life that was decided for all women, she decided to choose her own path towards what she wanted.And none of this was blatantly approached. She did not put an outward fight, in order to choose her life course. The entire piece of work is subtle, and the only clear characteristic of the protagonist you will notice is her assertiveness. And that is one clear characteristic of the feminist approach toward literature. Women in literature of the feminist nature are always featured as the protagonist, who, more often than not, do not readily accept the tralatitious role of women as decided by society.They are ready to make their own decisions, to express this choice of personal decision-making, and are ready to transmit with the consequences of these choices, actions, and decisions. Though a daughter, a mother, a sister, or a wife, any piece of feminist literature first deals with a woman as a woman. It is not these relationships, roles, or stereotypes that give these female characters in literature their identity. Their identity is defined by their choices and their beliefs which are then associated with these roles.It is important to note, that, not all works of feminist literature have happy endings, both for the character, and for the author of the work. Women have been ostracized by society for openly demanding equality, and have had to look several negative consequences of their decision to go against the waves. Not only feminist literature, women have been treated as important subjects even in many literary works by men. For instance, Henrik Ibsen, a Norwegian author and playwright, often focused on women, womens issues, their troubles faced by society, and the decisions they made based on their personal values and beliefs.If you take a look at the play called A Dolls House, by this very same author, you will clearly notice the strength and character of the protagonist. Not all, but some pieces of feminist literature (particularly non-fiction) showcase and stress on womens suffrage and a demand for equality in society, for political, social, and economic rights. In modern feminist literature, the attack on a male-dominated society became more forthright and straightforward, where women demanded a closer look into the patriarchal and capitalistic approach towards feminism.

Material religion

Connection with the material world is inevitable for a person with all senses in tact. Upon rising at 530am, one can watch the sun rise every distance the land, eat breakfast, listen the news, shower, and dress, put on jewelry, and maybe even specify a few minutes to establish a connection with the Divine. ane great dialogue among contemporary social scientists today, is determining the place righteousness occupies in the material world i.e., how does it influence the culture of a hatful? Within the body of this paper, we will explore the influence of Buddhism on Chinese Culture, Christianity on American culture, and the role of the physical senses in ones experience of the divine.For galore(postnominal) years, spirituality and the material world were seen as twain different spheresone is governed by the tides of commerce while the different is inhabit by mysterious super alivenesslike beings. In the twentieth century, the rise of the natural sciences and Communism pushed holiness into the background, however with the terrorist attacks of 9/11, conservative governments in many Western countries, and movies like The Passion of the Christ, the question of godlinesss place in society had once again come to the foreground.Since the enlightenment period, arresting data was apply to dispute claims of the existence of a super-natural world beyond this one. Because one cannot hear, see, smell, or feel God, the angels, ghosts, or draw tears of broth from a statue through any normal means, many, especially in the donnish community, dismissed these possibilities. Is religion not extra sensory(prenominal) by its very nature, requiring the faculties of gentleman intuition and faith? Some might say that these human sensory deprivation entities have much spiritual advantages because they are not tempted by the physical world. However, Clark argues that religion cannot exist without the input of the same senses used to repel it.Calling upon the readers to imagine living without the imagery, musical, and gustatory rituals surrounding many unearthly ceremonies, she says that such(prenominal)(prenominal) a spirituality would never come into being, Close your eye and imagine a life without mediation. You are blind, deaf, dumb, and unable to touch or smell anything in your environment. The majority of us would find it difficult to superintend with the loss of even just one of these senses. Now pause and deem a spectral life without mediation. Even the least overtly sacramental faiths depend on visual, oral, and material culture in everyday life(Clark, 123-4).Apparently, it is her argument that the religious and the material work together in a symbiotic relationship to form a coherent vision of existence for adherents. Paintings of saints, prophets, angels, the crafting of temples and cathedrals, and symbols such as the Cross, Star of David, and swastika (in Buddhism) help to forge a material link to the spiritual realm.When Buddhism was first introduced to China, many of its symbols were adopted into the mainstream of Chinese culture. For example, elaborate circular paintings called mandalas, had become objects of meditation, as did swastikas. Many important figures such as Kuan Yin were venerated as bodhisattvas, enlightened beings that returned to the world repeatedly to help pardon all other beings from the wheel of death and birth before claiming this button for themselves. These Bodhisattvas were extremely prevalent in China before the rise of Communism.The robes monks and nuns used to adorn themselves were immediately indicative of the Buddhist order, and the laity would support them, and blabber the monastery for instruction in meditation, Images and relics allowed the ordinary person to experience Buddhism in a manner that was at once powerful and intimate, without the immediate intervention of intentional intermediaries explaining what should be felt, what should be understood. Sacred objects, per haps more than any of the other types of Buddhist objects, rendered the religion tangible and proximate for any who wished it, from the most scholarly of monks to the illiterate devotee(Kieschnick, 24).Today, Asian philosophical systems such as yoga and sexually transmitted disease are marketed to American consumers through fitness classes, clothes (containing Sanskrit script such as the OM symbol), and books promising to help the reader with relationship dilemmas and career moves. Today, more Westerners are embracing Eastern philosophy because of its dissemination through the popular culture of the Internet and the bookstore scene.Even in Christianity, a religion that traditionally eschews the trappings of materialism to embrace a life of mere(a) service, iconographic images aids the faithful not only in making their religion more practical, but helping to connect strangers that share the same beliefs, sacred objects function within complicated networks of beliefs, values, myth s, and social structures.Clerical elites articulate the straitlaced use of objects based on their understanding of scripture and religious traditions. plurality relate to objects as if they were sacred characters, in spite of warnings against idolatry. Religious artifacts may also function like tools they help Christians to acknowledge common commitments, line differences, express affection, or socialize children(McDannell, 57).In the modern age, many population buy jewelry, t-shirts, and bumper stickers to share their beliefs with the world. For example, since the 1980s, Christian Rock had gathered quite a following, and there are many radio stations in the stadium dedicated to playing Christian music. To many children and young adults, attending religious institutions is a boring way to spend a Sunday (Friday, or Saturday) afternoon. With the introduction of religion into pop-culture, people are viewing spirituality as a more socially desirable phenomenon.Works CitedClark, Ly nn. religion, Media, and the Marketplace. NJ Rutgers UP, 2007Kieschnick, flush toilet The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. NJ Princeton UP, 2003McDannell, Colleen. Material Christianity Religion and Popular Culture in America. CT Yale

Negotiated Order

The Negotiated Order of placemental Reliability. Watson (2008), organizational rules and hierarchies play a stir up of in the siting of life in memorial tablets but the overall formational give is one that emerges out of the process whereby antithetic hosts make use of rules, procedures and cultivation in the day- to-day negotiations that occur between them about what is about to happen in any given situation at any detail time. capital of Minnesota Schulman, in his writings on the Diablo Canyon nu gather power coiffure unfolded the different aspects of wariness step by step showing how organization rules, hierarchies and cultures affect the cogency of the dress. At the beginning of the name The negotiated stray of organizational reliability, Schulman (1993) delves into the realm of both the plumper and manager by introducing and throw out conceptualizing the idea of slack. He expounds the link of this concept, of slack by respite it down into two varieties.Fi rstly resource slack, in time money, personnel ass be viewed negatively as a nonproductive inefficiency in the organization, a suboptimal allocation of available means to desired ends. This concept outlined inherently speaks to the idea of Taylors systematic soldiering, where Taylor explains this nonion as employees deliberate attempt to restrict out give and still get upper limit reward without tempting management to come back and tighten the rate. The foster aspect of slack zeroed in on is that of control slack. contempt the negative connotation of the word slack in essence from an industrial sociology viewpoint butt be viewed positively as a way to move off from a scientific management approach which helps to break down a centralized bureaucratic authority. Shulmans aim on the paper universe discussed is generally focused on the idea of organization function and efficacy and reliability from workers. One such way of doing such was by the work environment, the article o utlined a quite detailed description of the purlieu of the nominate the Diablo Canyon nuclear instal is located on state of beautiful farm land with beef cattle and crops on the way.Parker in his book Sociology of Industry (2005), noted from the Hawthorne studies conducted that environmental factors played a discover role on motivating workers behavior. Industrial sociology would pinpoint the strategic endeavor places on environment to be all part of managements way of motivating or just keeping workers happy. The author highlights a clear division of labor as well as certification groups, separate departments to handle each problem example Safety and necessity Services department as well as Safety round groups, fire Marshalls, hygienists.This inherently shows the rigid bureaucratic structure eminent at the stanch with each specific group having a designed business to take c atomic number 18 of. pass waterers jobs are monitored via quality assurance who reports to the vi ce hot seat of utility. He shows that the regular as well maintains a level of respectfulness when it comes to specific standards. Most importantly when it comes to employee interaction and say on the job, what separates this substantial from a scientific management style is the fact that they make hebdomadal meeting which inherently allow employees to be a part of the firm as well as support group for workers.Schulman highlights in his investigate that despite the high levels of specialization and organization there is pressure to corroborate tasks and as a result there are almost found norms for operationsnot formally but openly. These norms the writer ties into the title of the article negotiated hallow which he highlighted there is at the firm however it was tough to actually point out except with the case of improper dialogue between the day and night supervisor who did not tell each other about changes that were made.In all the case of Diablo canyon managers aim to subside slack and gain maximum safe levels of performance, they have implemented formalised standardize hierarchical structures which help inherently promote cultures desirable for the organization as they saw that were arrogant were not seen as an ideal worker as well the internal polity had a system of roughly overlapping powers thus decreasing centrality. Analyzing this piece from an industrial sociology standpoint brings up many issues.Firstly Schulman fails to show how really employees are motivated at Diablo Canyon. Despite all the programmes and meetings put in place there is no clear indicator of how the employee is in fact motivated. The author centralizes on management and management functions, and measures they put in place. His main issue of concern as citationed introductory was efficiency on the light of the managers perspective of the firm. A lot of the paper went on to sort out units, separate different part of the organization and highlight their role.For e xample there is a full treatment Staff revue committee that meets each week to approve procedural allowance and design changes, as well as a Technical review group , showing that management takes high level of importance in quality and control. With all these groups especially support groups and prophylactic groups it acts as a motivator to workers. Thus here we can say that there is even out though not observeed by the author some(prenominal) sort of indigence taking place by implementation of these groups.Looking at the Pychologistic side in management, we see that Maslow (1954) believed that scientific management should be revamped and remodeled to and centered on purgative peoples potential at various levels Maslow designed and put forth a model he called the Hierarchy of involve in which he outlines various levels of motivation for workers. At the Diablo canyon we see that workers are motivated on the second as well as some evidence of third level, which are safety i neluctably and love needs respectively.Especially safety needs with all the inspection units, the Onsite Planning Engineering assembly for example engineered to verify activities are performed properly and steps over general safety of the plant as well as looks over equipment modification. Worth mention is the comparison the author makes to a study entitle The Hospital and its Negotiated outrank (Strauss, Schatzman, Ehrlic, Bucher and Sabsin (1963) described what the write states as a complex pattern of reciprocal yet unstated agreements between hospital staff.Schulman clearly highlights as part of his issue that the aforementioned phenomenon of negotiated decree which was brought forth by the Interactionist drill in industrial sociology can in fact be observe indoors the plant. not only are a range of informal interorganizational agreements observable, their negotiation and continual re virginal are recognized and embraced formally in the organization. Here one clearly und erstands that yes there is an existence of negotiated order however he fails to impact on its existence on the plant here at large.Instead he seems to bring out the idea of a more Durkheimian strand of groups and the importance of formal and informal groups at the workplace. Tony Watson (2008) highlights a case which can mirror a comparison with the idea of groups. A researcher found that within two departments that the department with a high level of social solidarity, were more bonded with similar experiences, and just had a group or community type setting. Thus it lends the reader to ask whether or not the managers at the firm aimed to bring out such factors and take a leak a motivator in and of itself out of the groups.Schulman (1993), shows the reader that A new agreement had been negotiated between the Radiation protection officer and the night swag foreman to make minor modification in the design of support however it was found that the night shift foreman failed to make mention to the day foreman. There is not sufficient evidence to show whether or not as well this could have been a case of negotiated order and they made the decision unknowing to the day because of their own benefits, as the day foreman did complain They are changing the rules in the middle of the mettlesome. However the author shows how swiftly management resolves such an issue.Here management worked substantial to ensure everything was cleared up and he states to restore amicable relations between the two departments. Therefore one can imply that at Diablo Canyon there is a focus of cohesion and agreement among the firm which takes a bit away from the scientific management realm that Taylor would let loose about. Trust is a vital cohesive unit and this is brought about by as well the decentralization and separation of powers at the plant, again go focus away from a manager centric role, at the plant there seems to be more of a worker oriented tactual sensation to an extent.T his whitethorn be so whereby there are efforts to have weekly meetings hearing employee feedback as well as the breaking down of roles within the organization despite the rigid bureaucratic structure there is some flexibility which lends back to the point at the beginning of the paper by Schulman when he mentions control slack. To further contribute to the writing of Schulman utilise the thoughts and concepts akin to that of Industrial sociology, first to delve more into the issue of negotiated order as it relates to slack.A firm like Diablo Canyon can comfortably fall susceptible to unhappy workers, due to the type of environment managers ought to look out for informal social groups. While mention of it was made, looking at Durkheims analysis on social groups and how it impacts on a firm. In addition because of the environment being a plant and having a sanely scientific management style, the writer should have paid more particular attention to aspects of worker interaction and their feel of the job. Issues such as Deskilling and aberration of workers, how can a reader be sure that workers do not feel totally dissatisfied with their jobs.Watson (2008) brings forth the idea of Marxs sentiment of alienation, whereby a worker because the monotonous nature of his job may bug out feeling estranged. One might argue that the mere groups and weekly meetings incompatible the feelings of estrangement and instead due to technology highlighted in the plant may be akin to Bravermans (1974) idea of up skilling. The level of equipment highlighted needs a certain amount of skill even at the last-place level thus separating the workers of Diablo plant from a normal processing plant that may require much less skill.The entire focus of the writer delves into the aspect of as mentioned by means ofout efficiency of the worker this is achieved via motivation principles through groups and safety. The writer shows how management even though having a strong, rigid bureaucrati c structure allows some control slack as well as the large number of informal groups may impact on negotiated order and other minor work disputes however due to the set of the organization these such disagreements are quickly dissolved and rectified.However the writer from an industrial sociologist standpoint failed to take in key considerations since it is a plant, issues such as alienation, deskilling could have been more addressed as well as more emphasis could have been put into the notion of negotiated order. Works Cited Parker, S. R. , R. K. Brown, Child J, and M. A. Smith. The Sociology of Industry ordinal edition. London Unwin Hyman, 2005. Schulman, capital of Minnesota R. The Negotiated Order of organizational Reliability. Administration and auberge 25. 3, 1993 353+. Watson, Tony J. Sociology, Work and Indistry fifth edition. NewYork Routledge, 2008. 1 . Watson, Tony J. Sociology, Work and Industry 5th edition. NewYork Routledge, 2008. pgs 49-50 2 . Schulman, Paul R. The Negotiated Order of Organizational Reliability. Administration and Society 25. 3, 1993 353+. 3 . Watson, Tony J. Sociology, Work and Indistry 5th edition. NewYork Routledge, 2008. pg. 3 4 . Schulman, Paul R. The Negotiated Order of Organizational Reliability. Administration and Society 25. 3, 1993 353+. 5 . Watson, Tony J. Sociology, Work and Indistry 5th edition. NewYork Routledge, 2008. 6 . Schulman, Paul R. The Negotiated Order of Organizational Reliability. Administration and Society 25. 3, 1993 353+. 7 . ibid 8 . Schulman, Paul R. The Negotiated Order of Organizational Reliability. Administration and Society 25. 3, 1993 353+. 9 . ibid

Literature and Journalism Essay

Ameri backside Heritage Dictionary of English linguistic communication Fourth Edition. New York Houghton 2009. American Heritage New Dictionary of heathen Literacy Third edition New York Houghton Mifflin Co. 2006 Glencoe publications The Readers Choice Columbus Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 2003 Hudson,W. H An Introduction to the Study of Literature. Harrap 1963 Ousby, I. Cambridge Guide to Literature in English Cambridge Cambridge University commove 1996. Hornsby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. OUP 2005 MASE noneUNIVERSITY FACULTY ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES.surgical incision LINGUISTICS, LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE UNIT CODE ALI 805 UNIT TITLE LITERATURE AND news media TASK Difference mingled with Literature and Journalism PRESENTED BY JULIE E. OGONYA REG. NO. PG/MA/063/2009 PRESENTED TO DR, KITCHE MAGAK DATE NOVEMBER, 2009. MASENO INTRODUCTION Literature and news media argon 2 genres that ar interrelated and intertwined because writings borrows heavily from news media and news media borrows heavily from belles-lettres as well. Some epochs it gets problematic distinguishing lit from journalism, more so with the emergence of narrative journalism.According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, literature refers to pieces of theme that argon valued as work of art, especi eithery novels, plays and poems (in contrast to technical books and newscompositions, magazines, and so on ). The same dictionary defines journalism as the work of collecting and writing news stories for newspapers, magazines, radio or boob tube. In this paper, an attempt is going to be made to show the disagreements between literature and journalism. Differences between Literature and Journalism.The difference between literature and journalism can be seen from the definitions of the twain genres where literature is defined as pieces of writing that are valued as works of art. Art refers to the use of imagination to express ideas or feelings (Hornby, 2005) . The separate word is imagination. This means that in literature, language is utilise creatively with a lot of imagination in expressing ideas. Literature has been described as a mirror of the society and it reflects the happenings in that society. The reflections more often than non count on the type of the mirror, whether concave or convex.Consequently, literature can gloss truthfulness. Journalism, the work of collecting and writing news stories for newspapers, magazines, radio or television, on the some different hand, is a picture of the society. What we see is what we get since journalism is reportage. Mikkel Hivid has provided some guide parentages on the difference between journalism and literature. In this paper most of the differences used provide be from a paper he presented entitled illustration, Facts and Storytelling and Roy Peter Clarkes essay Between Fact and illustration Navigating Treacherorous Waters.First, Hvid says that the difference between literat ure and journalism is characterized by more than rightful(prenominal) the difference between situation and fabrication. The two genres bed sinfulness antithetical expressions, different criteria for the truth and relevance and different priorities. Journalism must be unfeigned exactly writers of fiction are allowed to lie. In literature, the diction is characterized by the use of literary techniques like imagery, personification, irony, juxtaposition, sarcasm, similes and so on. These are used to sop up the message being communicated to be brought out more effectively.The language or expressions used will depend on the writers place towards the subject with which he will attempt to influence the lector if he hates the subject, he will be sarcastic and the words he uses will be sarcastic or derogatory. This unflattering choice of words is likely to influence the lector to develop a negative attitude towards a subject to a fault. For example, in Achebes book The Trouble with Nigeria, he is strongly convinced that the main problem with the country is poor leadership. He uses really emotive words. He says The trouble with Nigeria is simply and squarely a visitation of leadership.There is cypher basically wrong with the Nigerian character. There is nothing wrong with the Nigerian land or climate or urine or air or anything else. He uses literary techniques like alliteration (simply and squarely), and repetition of the word wrong to create emphasis. Clarke says that literature and journalism have different criteria for the truth. The ethics of journalism indicate that the main distinction between literature and journalism is based on the contents. Journalists must present facts- whether they are using the genre of narrative journalism or any other journalistic genre.Journalists are required to research their stories (Hvid, 2000). Journalism must be on-key whereas writers of literature are allowed to lie. What the journalist writes must be true in the sense that it can be documented by bring up to a named source or actual circumstances. For instance what Barrack Obama wrote in Dreams from My Father is true and can be documented. It is a story approximately(predicate)(predicate) his life the places and even people mentioned in the book are real. Fiction writers invent and make up stories. Literature does not have to be true to any outside reality, Hvid adds.In literature, the setting, characters, events and action are all in the writers imagination in as such(prenominal) as they may reflect reality. Sometimes the setting and characters can be out of this world, for example in stories of fantasy that involves the mention of the supernatural as well as in science fiction. Journalists must research their stories. Writers of fiction are allowed to add, invent and construct their own worlds. In his essay, Roy Peter Clarke lists a range of ethical demands on the narrative journalist. You cannot add anything to your story which was not present in reality.This is because only the truth should be told in journalism. He adds that you cannot write different scenes into one, and you are not allowed to merge a fleck of real characters into one. You must respect the timing of real events. This is in line with the 5ws of journalism of who, what, where, why, when and how. All these must come out distinctly because journalism is fact and not fiction. In fiction, a character or a thing can be an archetype. There can only be one scene of an incident and hence cannot be written into one.He says that finally there is the ethical demand which is perhaps the most primal even if it sounds mainly as a kind of request you must strive to provide as honest and correct an account of the reality of the reality you describe as possible. Literary textual matters can be see in a number of different ways. This is because when different readers read a text, their understanding is not the same and sometimes the writers use may b e missed. For instance, in Jonathan Swifts essay A Modest Proposal, the writer, did not intend his proposal of rearing babies for food to be taken literally.Some of his readers were very outraged at the idea of infanticide and cannibalism. Literature as a form consists of three main components (literary memorial) 1) A body of knowledge 2) A system of investigation 3) A collection of skills and techniques. It likewise consists of four main aspects 1) Creativity 2) Practical criticism 3) Literary history 4) Literary theory. There are different theories used to interpret literature. These components and theories are used by literary analysts to interpret literary texts. In journalism, the text does not necessarily require such effort in interpretation.A message in journalism quite often appears in the low paragraph of the text where the journalist makes the logical conclusion. The message is direct with no room for interpretation. Literature and journalism have different ideas abou t their readers about their readers and what you can demand from them. Journalism presents readers with a complete package they can immediately relate to. For instance, a newspaper headlines simply stating Jealous populace Murders Wife and Loer in Drunken Rage. This does not require any knowledge of literary criticism andtheory to understand that drunken jealous men can easily impinge on their wives.Literature readers, on the other hand, have to interpret and analyse the text to find what it means for them. This is sometimes a next to impossible task as some literary texts abound in symbolism and very abstract ideas that are too difficult to decipher. In journalism it is unacceptable to present readers with such a dilemma as readers have a right to demand a clear message. Relevance of the text is another area of difference in literature and journalism as there are different criteria used to determine relevance in the two genres.We read literature to endure other worlds, lives an d people. For example, David Yallops book In Gods anatomy is an eye opener into the intrigues of the Catholic Church and how a pope was hit because he was a threat to some bishops who were perpetrators of a lot of evil in the church. The relevance of that text comes in when we examine it we find that the murder of Pope really concerned the people at that charactericular time in history and even to date. We read literature to fellowship other worlds, lives, and people. We mirror our own lives in those of the characters we meet in literature.Plato said that literature is a moral force and so the characters in literature with which we liken our own experiences help in building our character since as we equality our own experiences to theirs we gain greater insights into our own lives through what we call experience by. We love the character who is our hero and when that character suffers, we suffer with him and when he triumphs over evil, we celebrate his victory. Every character or happening helps us demand about our own lives. The text is true when it is true and meaningful to us. accuracy and relevance are decided in the meeting between the reader and the text In journalism, we do not read texts in stray to mirror our lives with those we read about. The characters do not necessarily help us learn about our own lives. Sometimes there are no main character with which we identify with. Truth is a condition of journalism and the article must be relevant. Its relevance is seen when it teaches the readers something new and important about the world they live in. When we read a literary text, we become part of the story we take sides, laud or condemn a accompaniment character.In other words, we read literature for experience. As Aristotle recommended, literature provides the reader with a cathartic effect. After experiencing literature, there is purgation of dangerous emotions. On the other hand, we read journalism to take something out of it. This is why jo urnalistic articles are news. We get information from journalism. In literature, stories comprise of two main elements background and action. There is use of description of background that is spiced up with action. In journalism, storytelling is told with three strands.These are background, action and facts as a required component. The journalist may add anecdotes to make his story interesting but the most important ingredient is fact. Lastly, there is the use of what has been referred to as the frame and the content. Creative techniques are used on the frame of the story or in the introduction that leads into the main story whilst the story itself is presented as compendious or direct quotes. Barrack Obamas Dreams from my Father is a typic example of a work where this is used. This is sometimes referred to as the inverted profit .ConclusionIn this paper, the differences between Literature and Journalism have been discussed. It has been know that the differences between literat ure and journalism arise because of many factors like fact or fiction, reality and probability, the relationship between the reader and the text, the roles of journalism and literature and so on. Whereas the two genres are infact different, the reality is that there is a disaster of te two complimenting and supplementing each other since literature borrows from journalism and journalism borrows from literature and this results in a rich mix.

Highline Financial Services Essay

Every origination lacks to separate themselves from their competition. From oblation the forward-lookingest and latest products to offering outstanding returns. Highland financial Services Itd. Is no different from separate companies. Standing out from other organizations is critical for the companys achiever. Managing accessory Freddie Mack must use the information that he has been provided with to find if he whitethorn need to let or layoff any personnel for the coming(prenominal) class. Doing this accurately will help the company r for each wholeness their goals and insure the companies swell up being for the future. Freedie Mack will need to use moving reasonable visualize proficiency. This technique that averages a number of recent values, updated as new values become available (Stevenson, 2012 p. 84). Freedie must use the following equation. Ft=Man= n E i-t At-i/n= At-n+At-z+At-1/n. By taking amounts from each bottom in the corresponding assistance areas and di viding the values, Freedie will get the portions of growth. The example would be from year one, quarter one, service A and year two using service A quarter one (60/72=1.2% growth projection and then taking the 1.2% and multiplying this by 72). This would commit the organization an 86 in service column A for year triad, quarter one and so on for each quarter as we will see in the table below.Freedie would use this date to happen the growth or fall regarding the demand. He female genitalia use this to auspicate several years in the future using this technique. Using this technique is easy and easy to understand (Stevenson 2012, p.85). The observations from the technique are the service gain ground gradually are increasing with the average growth if 1.19% in service A, 1.15% growth in service B, and .98% in service C. Service A and B are growing at a higher pace, plot of ground service C is growing slower. To grow the service areas faster, Highland Financial Services Ltd. shoul d offer higher service standards within the current service areas in the coming living quarters and years. One option the company may want to explore is fall in acquireing to up sell the better service package to their clients. This potentially would raise sales and digest them to hire more employees. Freedie should be concerned the organization is not growing in the service area C column.All but quarter three are down, the organization must do something to improve the servicefor this quarter by looking into their operations dodging. Depending on what the companies current operations strategy is, they may want to revisit the strategy. Freedie must use up to date information on demand forecasting for the organization. One thing that they can do is use shorter succession frames versus long term forecasting due(p) to economy or other outside obstacles. Using short time frame forecasting will allow the organization flexibility if they need to adjust their forecast (Stevenson 2012, p.109).The organization should not layoff any personnel, but instead hire more staff for the business needs as they arise. trance the trend shows a raise in service over the close year, they may want to plan for the future and look more into the next few years rather than just one year. Doing this will allow them to hire an appropriate amount of people and be able to train them to be ready for the upcoming business gain and future success of the business.Table below shows the forecast for Year 3 and the four quarters within the year.ReferencesStevenson, W, J. (2012) Operations Management, 11th edition, New York, N.Y McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Symbolism in the Road

In McCarthys book, The Road, McCarthy is able to illustrate not only(prenominal) the setting of the book, but feelings, expressions, and actions, by various literary devices. Although he brought into b emerge several devices such as imagery, tone, metaphors, and a couple of similes, the most squ be would reach to be attribute. Symbolism is when the author single-valued functions an object or bring up to add deeper meaning to a story. The author may constantly use the same object to express deeper meaning.Symbolism is similarly often employ to support a literary theme in a discriminating earthner, which in this slip-up is what McCarthy did. An example of symbolism, and the most noteworthy would contribute to be the route. Just like that, the plain highway. McCarthy refers to the road on several instances, frankincense making it imperative to the reinvigorated. The road symbolizes hope, as well as courage. The road means that for them it is the only hope of surviving. H ope that when they get to the end of that road they allow for be safe in a safe place.It also represents courage because they have the bravery of going on without knowing anything almost the road, courage of going into the unknow. Not knowing what awaits them. An opposite example of symbolism is when the man tells the male electric shaver that he they are the only ones carrying the fire. In this reference the man refers to fire as existence a symbol of them being the only ones left who have feelings in the sphere, who have a conscience, who inactive hold true to things that make us human, like empathy, hope, love and the will to survive without sacrificing your beliefs, things some another(prenominal) people in this wise world have lost.Compared to the others, the bad guys, The man and his son dont kill, they dont steal from the life-time, they help where its possible to do so, and, most significantly in the overbolds symbolism, they dont eat other people, which can dif fer you from good and bad. Another example of symbolism is the mirror. The man and the male child went into a house and as they turned around a corner there was a mirror, and as the man saw his disapproval he instantly reached for his gun, thinking it was someone else.In this case the mirror symbolizes what the man has turned into. It represents and supports the theme of survival present trough out the novel, what they have to be in order to survive in this rude(a) world. In another scene the man and the boy come crosswise a river, which symbolizes after death, or the gateway to the afterlife. This symbol goes in quite a little with the quote the grass is greener on the other facial expression, it is like if they are on the wrong side of it, like if they go to the other side everything would be better, and prettier.Therefore, the sea stands for the other life, the one you get when youre dead, which in the case of the man and the boy would be best for them since the life they a re walk of life dead, they are living a pitiable life. The boy himself is also a machinate of symbolism. The boy exemplifies innocence he demonstrates that there still is ingenuousness in the world. He is always looking for the goodness of people. Throughout the novel they run into different people, he always wanted them to come on with his dad and him, and he was always ordain to help them no return if they are good or bad. In a certain date the boy is willing to sacrifice himself to help the man they ran into. He was willing to give him his food and not eat himself so the man could eat. A further example that goes hand-in-hand with the boys innocence would be his good-will. In this case kindness stands for his vulnerability. Since in McCarthys post-apocalyptic world, the line between kindness and vulnerability is very fine. Thanks to his father though, the boy survives, and keeps focused. His father serves as a realistic intermediary between the boy and ideal goodness.The boys hair being described as a well-fixed chalice, stands for the boy sometimes being like a divine child who can inspire the man to goodness. The golden chalice makes the boy count angelical. The boys gentle nature provides us, readers, with hope for the future. Though he has only known this wild, post-apocalyptic world, hes still full of kindness and innocence. Speaking of the boy another symbol about him is the yellow truck. This yellow truck represented the boys youth, and his childhood, despite the fact that they live in a world where he could not be a child.In this world he was not able to live his infancy like any other child, and when he played with this truck, it was like if one saw another side of him, like if we were able to see the child that lives within him. Cannibalism is another form of symbolism that represents what the world has come to, what mankind has turned into. It symbolizes the end of civilization, and that at long last there will be no human in this new w orld due to it. Cannibalism also forms a major part of the novel since it can differentiate the man, and the boy from the good, or bad guys.However, when you are living in a world like the one in the novel, if you are a cannibal is it being a bad guy, or is it youre survival instincts coming into play? Does it make you a bad soulfulness to want to live? Due to symbolism along with the help of other literary elements McCarthy brings to life a world that no one else could have ever imagined possible. There are so many books and films that try to introduce the end of the world, but no other has done so as Cormac McCarthy has.

Analysis of Film Poster for “The Matrix”

From a distance the prototypic thing that would be noticed by a passing interview would be the entitle of the circuit card. It would catch the viewers eye with its striking green colouration and large unmingled font. Its central position in the calling card would draw the audiences attention and take them closer so they can pick stunned the comminuteder information, which in turn would lead to the desire to see the film or not. The commit of the hurrying crusade take aways the title stand out from the rest of the poster and would act as the focal point of the advertisement. The type of font office in this case sharp and modern, would denote the genre of the icon, which again would make the people and pick out a specific object glass audience. man sequencerThe theatre directors name on my poster is situated above the title, so presumptively would be the next thing the viewer would focus upon.A famous, fountainhead-established director such as Spielberg would shit a film by genius alone. Their preceding(prenominal) films utilize various genre would appeal to a draw a bead on audience that wouldnt have normally seen the film. Their mastery widens the target audience and draws in people outside the specified genre, do more money for the producers and so onImagesImages ar probably the most essential element of most types of advertisement. The exploitation up of images gives a more interesting and less boring way of acquire the same message across that text edition would. Also because people argon more susceptible to images and remember them easier, designers use this to inform and sell films by incorporating pictures into the poster. The type of imagery used again highlights a target audience, victimization their likes and dislikes, to create a demand for the film and make them lack to find out it.The fact that my only form of imagery is in text and the use of numbers was done purposely, as I chose to integrate the main report of the film, which is calculators and science fiction, by using what could be described as computer language. The mystery invoked by this type of imagery would entice viewing audience into watching the film to understand the relevance of it because they ar only given small pieces of information. Also the fact that the images can only really be get word from close proximity, would mean that people would have to move closer to see, center they have to study the poster harder, which would lead to more information beingness processed, meaning they give have a better understanding of the movie.Actors/ActressesThe actors and actresses are important in widening the target audience further, their past roles and performances in movies will influence people into viewing the film.Most designers would use the upper case letters to advertise the cast as it stands out and would be more noticeable, they would use a contrasting colour from the back footing and they would position the most fam ous star on the left of the poster as viewers claim from left to right.In my poster Keanu Reeves is the first name to appear on the poster, as he is the most famous. It is important to select cast that will appeal to as wide a target audience as possible, with Reeves and Moss, it does just that. They are both younger actors that would appeal to both sexes with their looks and sexual allure. People relate to stars, they either trust to be with them or want to be them. Laurence Fishbourne, however, would attract the older viewers, as he is an older more classical actor, people wouldnt necessarily want to be him or be with him, they would more likely admire him for his performing ability.Critics QuoteThe critics quote is a significant part in the layout of a film poster as it gives the reader a supposedly unbiast perspicacity of the film. The critics quote is filled with hyperbolic language and positive words that would make the movie out to be the best film ever. This would help s ell the film as no one would want to see a movie that was given a bad review because people are influenced by success. In my quote I used upper case letters within the sentence because it adds to the hyperbole and it highlights the positive words in the quote.The fact that it is directly under the casts names was done so that they would read the quote after the cast and work their way down the poster, build an opinion about the film and its view-ability. Who actually gave the quote is important too, as their success as a movie magazine, newspaper etc, would promote the movie and would again target a specific audience, in my case using Empire magazine, a movie buff type of person. Because the average consumer doesnt really slam much about movies, the fact that they are being told by an expert, will influence their decision to pay their money to see the film.CertificateBy putting an age limit on the film you pick out a certain target audience. With having such a certificate as 15 a nnounce on the poster, you appeal to a younger audience with a disposable income, mainly students and adults that dont have families or money that is verbalise for. A certificate is there to give the viewers a grating guess as to its violence content, the language used and to what sort of result the film has sexually explicit scenes in it. Although by putting an age limit on the movie, it doesnt stop younger or older audience attending.ProducersThis element of the film poster can be both dependable and detrimental to its success as a film poster. By using a producers quote you attract a target audience by association, people who have seen earlier films will make the connection with its success or with its failure. This is potentially where this piece of information can be harmful. If the viewers make the link with a prior films achievements, this can help with the advertised films selling capability. However, if people make a negative link with the previous film they are less li kely to watch it, as they will be put off by the last films performance.Conclusion totally I feel my poster works reasonably well, I work out it uses most of the key elements that a film poster has to possess in order to inform and to sell the movie to the public. The colouration is eye transmittable and modern and I feel I incorporated the main field and essential taster of the movie within it.However if I was to buy out the exercise again I would change, improve and add a some things. I would have more than one critics quote to broaden the target audience even further, this would be achieved by maybe having a well known newspaper write a review on it, making the film review be seen by a whole undulate of people, as more buy newspapers than movie magazines. I would also select to have an actual image included in the poster, as the text that is the imagery in my poster may not be as memorable as pictures may be. To show the public of this movies success I would probably decid e to have the awards, Oscars etc that the movie had won or been nominal for, as this would attract an audience that wouldnt have normally bothered.

Families in poverty in Australia Essay

One of the important global plan is to eliminate destitution by 2015 as per UN Millennium Development Goals. Every day estimable about 30,000 children atomic number 18 losing precious lives due to living in precarious conditions. (Make privation History) It is high time to bring a big change in the lives of peck who deserve to meet the minimum needs for living. Not just one nation or two whereas a collective bowel movement of all deal beginning from Australia to the remote parts of early(a) nations, is essential to completely eradicate pauperization.Especially in Australia poverty is on the heighten from 7. 6 per cent to 9.9 per cent between the period of 1994-2004 (Australian Fair Campaign) pauperism levels ar at a higher rate when compared with the poverty ocellus of UK and Ireland. In spite of the item that Australias economy is growing, in that location are two million Australians living in poverty according to (ACOSS) Australian Council of Social Service. Austr alia is ranked 14th in the developed world for poverty (UN Human Poverty Index) There are two many areas where Australia is fall behind other OECD nations Governments need to ensure the benefits of the economic prosperity are shared with all Australians(ACOSS President Lin Hatfield Dobbs)The following indicate the status of people in Australia as on September 2001. (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (a) There were 672,500 lazy (officially) (b) There were 563,500 underemployed (c) 800,000 would like to work more This paper picks an print of families living in poverty especially belonging to Australia which is a renowned nation for tourism and rich in natural resources.What are the cause reasons for continuous existence of poverty in a nation where there are industries, clean environment and beautiful landscapes which encourage foreign tourists to deal Australia as a destination point to reside either as a tourist or as an immigrant. Similarly, there are reputed educational insti tutions and universities in Australia which if collectively notified that a greater number of foreign students introduce for career advancements in Universities of Australia than the domestic students of Australia.This gives out a fact that, people around the world select and consider Australia as one of the trump nation to opt for to reside as an immigrant, as a tourist, as a foreign student or for expansion of business ventures. An widely distributed view about Australia as a nation produces a fact that, it invites tourists of all cultures and backgrounds and offers a multi-ethnicity atmosphere to all its residents.In the order of move other priorities of economic development of nation, Australia could possibly be giving a lenient view to its domestic citizens and families in providing jobs, medical health schemes which differently are provided at a lesser cost in the other parts of Europe, in order to take care of its citizens as a premium issue, which is very important eco nomic aspect that resident families are cared and nurtured after all families make societies which in turn make a healthy nation.In order to find how well and happy families are, a poll opinion was considered by Brother hood of St. Laurence in Australia which revealed that a mindset of middle class economy is prevalent and poverty is ceaselessly secondary (Stewart 1996). An analysis and understanding of poverty has basically two phases. (1) a phase of listening (2) a phase of dialogue. Brotherhood has considered the poll of general public, group discussions, politicians, academics, telephone interviews, business leaders, community leaders which included both(prenominal) qualitative and quantitative findings. Basing on the general public opinion, the following findings were the conclusion of Brotherhoods research on poverty in Australia. first off and quite observantly, Brotherhood stated that poverty is least rated at 5 per cent as compared to any other issue such as unemployment , education, health, environment and other chronic issues of narcotics and games of casino or betting. The other ratings are, drugs at 25%, unemployment at 17%, divide between rich and woeful at 16%, education at 13%, health at 9%, environment at 9%, gambling at 7% and poverty at 5%. Poverty line as effected by Henderson in 1973 explains that an income of $62. 70 is a benchmark which is a useable income for a family of four. (parents + two children).

Tourist destinations – Drayton Manor and Salisbury Cathedral

Drayton manor is a park visited loosely by* Adults* Children* Families* Mother and toddlers* Education groups from schools, colleges and universities* Organised groups and outings* Grandees (60 plus)* Disabled group handinessLocationDrayton manor is located near the M42Not very removed from Birmingham southwest and cities interchangeable Nottingham and Derby.Opening timesDrayton manors currently closed and doubting Thomas reach overted on the 12th February 2011- 27th February 2011 half boundaryThe park get out fully open on the 19th manifest the 30th October 2011.The staff leave alone start putting in bend rides at 930 and the rides will be ready for customers to love on them at 1030, and will close at 5pm. transpose linksYou displace get to Drayton manor house Park by* your make machineYou foundation insert their code (B78 3SA) on your navigation artificial satellite and it will bring you straight to the park, you likewise get free car parking when you bring your o wn car so you wont need to throw for car parking.* Train serviceYou can take bus from where forever you are located and go to trains target when you reach your train station you take the train with the London mid work- towards Crewe and then you get down at the 1st stop which is Tamworth.Range productsThe be in possession of places for childrens like Thomas land and at Thomas land there are varieties of things to do like1. Thomas land parties the birth daytime child goes in the park for free, commemorative photo for the birthday child with their party in Thomas land and also with friends. They also hire land areas for childrens to spend the time and play every type of game they insufficiency.2. 100 rides and attractionsSuch as* The benignity* Maelstrom* G-force* Pandemonium* Shockwave* Storm force 10* divine revelation3. 15 acre zoo and zoo farm4. Garden centre5. bivouacking and caravan ground6. Games/stalls7. ArcadeServices provided* The park has to liberty chit the follo wing facilities to incapacitate people1. They assistants who will help you walk more or less with the disabled groups and help you if you need anything.2. They ready fast acquites for all disabled people3. They make sure all disabled toilets are acquirable4. They have extra wheelchairs for hire that cost 5 and electronic ones will cost 10.5. They have fist aids and medical centers incase any of them feels sick all of a sudden.* The park also has facilities fir pay off and their babies such(prenominal) as1. Comfortable and private sites where they can nurse their babies.2. mar changing facilities3. They have shops where they can buy food for their babies incase they dont want to bring a lot of things with them or they need extra.4. Have shops where they can buy baby nappies and also hire baby buggies for 5.5. They also have people who are experience with babies that can take care of your babies for you incase you want to do something.Cost of livingAge groupsPriceOnline harm 12-64 days32.0021.954 11 years19.952 3 years2.50Under 2 yearsFREEGrandee ( come alongd 65+)19.0019.00Disabled / athletic supporter (each)22.003 Family Members73.504 Family Members98.005 Family Members122.50Annual Pass they have an yearly pass that allows to get in to the park, so baisially you will not have to pay at the entrance, you will just have to show them your pass and you can go in and a a wonderful day at the park.There is a varied price for each age group* 90 for senior(a) 12 to 64* 70 for aged 4 to 11* 55 for aged 65 plus* 65 for a registered disabled visitor* 35 for aged 2 to 3.capital of Zimbabwe CathedralAccessibilityLocationcapital of Zimbabwe, Wiltshire, EnglandOpening timesThe Cathedral is open from 715am to 615pmThe Chapter house, eatery and shops are open at 930am-530pYou can tour around the towers during the summer at 1115am, 215pm, and 315pm to 5pm and in winter 215pm only.Transport linkshive (501)WILTON (502)BRITFORD (503)LONDON ROAD (504)Range of product s* The cathedral* Shop where people can find souvenir* Special events like1. Art for adult courses2. The chronicle of Christianity in 27 objects3. Organ recitals4. Concerts* Salisbury Cathedral* Oldest Clock in the World* The Spire of Salisbury Cathedral* the original Magna Carta in the chapter baseServices providedThe cathedral provide a number of people who lecture different type of languages that can walk you around the cathedral, show you different places and also tell you about them.There is different type of languages such asEnglishDutchHungarianChineseLatvian cutItalianCzechJapanesePortugueseGermanSpanish nicetyRussianDanishThey also have facilities for disabled people such asEasy access to every attraction and everything in the cathedral and outside it.Toilets are available at all time.You can also hire wheelchair.They have a dog assistant to walk you around.They have Braille leaflets and books for people who cant hear and talk.There are shops and a restaurant inn the ca thedral incase you want to have a humble rest and eat something.Cost livingTower tour 8 adults, 6 children/seniorsCathedral its allows you to make a donation of 5 for adults, 4.25 old and students and children 5-17 only if you want to.ImagePeople like families and schoolchildren, would rather go and spend time at Drayton Manor than Salisbury Park because Salisbury is a religious place and it attracts cultural people who like history.Drayton Manor Park is surrounded by hotels, restaurants shops which is good incase for families as they will have a place to stay, where to shop and where to eat.

Microeconomics

top dog 1) With examples spring 5 reasons wherefore the cornerstonevass of micro economic science is primary(prenominal). microeconomics is a field of economic study that focuses on how an individuals behaviour and decisions affect the cede and exact for betters and services. For the purpose of microeconomics, the actions of individuals, households and cablees be crucial, unlike the study of macroeconomics, which focuses on field and international economic trends. notwithstanding the differences betwixt the two fields, however, micro- get wind trends and the study of microeconomics be considered the basis of modern macroeconomics.Macroeconomics is concern with the big picture, for example, the national economy and flagrant domestic product. By contrast, microeconomics is pee-to doe with with the sm altogether in all picture and focuses on theories of tally and demand. Firstly, microeconomics is very important in business, especially when it comes to a new busine ss. Entrepreneurs piss businesses by purchasing and utilizing factors of production. In order to estimate the potential yield on investing (ROI) of those factors of production, entrepreneurs mustiness have a basic experience of microeconomic judgments much(prenominal) as show, demand, curb up and profit.Without the basics of microeconomics, it is impossible to write out how much a contingent good great deal be ex alter for in a finicky atomic number 18a. Further much, without microeconomic basics on be and earnings, it is impossible to estimate ROI, on that pointof bequeath lead to poor pecuniary investments. Microeconomics is very useful in business decision making. It helps business to reach maximum production with the addicted amount of resources. Business firms can make decisions in demand analysis, cost analysis and methods of calculating expenses.Second, marketing race must have a basic get winding of microeconomics so that they can set worths for products and decide in which markets to sell those products. For example, with an taking into custody of microeconomics, a calculator comp each marketing coach-and-four can advise the CEO to leap allowing instalment payments in type of an economic downturn, thus recovering business from customers hit hard by the recession. A marketing manager without a sense of economics ability not realize that such options ar available. Third, microeconomics is important when it comes to management.Managers must understand the concept of return on investment (ROI) when setting salaries for new hires, as employees be supposed to generate profit for the company. Managers must withal have an understanding of microeconomics when making general compute decisions. A object shouldnt be given a budget that exceeds what the project is expected to produce in future earnings. These kinds of decisions atomic number 18 based on the microeconomic concepts of cost, revenue and profit. Fourth, financ e and Accounting in addition requires the understandings of microeconomics.Finance stack likely use microeconomics more than anyone else in business. Financial analysts use microeconomic and macroeconomic theories in order to herald the future value of financial summations. For example, gold, stocks, bonds and early(a) investments. A securities analyst aptitude use microeconomic data to get word the change in income of people in a given country, wherefore use the microeconomic concept of monetary value elasticity of demand for the reactivity of consumer demand to changes in consumer income and to check over whether the monetary value of a given asset will rise or fall in that country.Accountants use financial ratios that be derived from microeconomics. Lastly, the understanding of microeconomic is needed to provide tools for economic policies. Microeconomic helps to impose tax grade by analyzing the demand and supply factors. It in any case helps to determine the aut horities policies on the resource allocation and pricing. Government also make policies to control the prices of goods by using the theory of price cap and price floor. By understanding microeconomics, we can pick up the implications and effectiveness of the government policies. scruple 2) Define ceteris paribus .Explain why the device of ceteris paribus is so important in economics. Ceteris Paribus is a Latin vocalise that translates approximately to holding early(a) things unremitting and is usually rendered in side of meat as all some early(a) things being equal. In political economy the term Ceteris Paribus is used quite a good deal to grab all early(a) factors to remain the same, while analysing the kind amid any two variables. For example, when discussing the laws of supply and demand, one could say that if demand for a given product outweighs supply, ceteris paribus, prices will rise.Here, the use of ceteris paribus is simply saying that as long as all differe ntwise factors that could affect the outcome such as the existence of a stand-in product remain constant, prices will increase in this situation. star of the disciplines in which ceteris paribus are most astray used is economics, in which they are employed to simplify the formulation and exposition of economic outcomes and the theoretical blood of cause and effect. When using ceteris paribus in economics, lay claim all other variables leave off those under immediate consideration are held constant.For example, it can be predicted that if the price of scream increases, ceteris paribus, the measurement of beef demanded by buyers will decrease. In this example, the clause is used to usablely describe everything skirt the race between some(prenominal) the price and the cadence demanded of an ordinary good. This operational description purposely ignores some(prenominal) known and unknown factors that may also bow the relationship between price and standard demanded, and thus to assume ceteris paribus is to assume away any interference with the given example.Such factors that would be intentionally ignored include the comparative change in price of substitute goods like the price of beef vs. chicken, the level of risk dislikes among buyers like the idolise of mad cow disease, and the level of overall demand for a good regardless of its current price level like a societal shift toward vegetarianism. If we try to put up the relationship between demand and price, there may be other variables which may also influence demand besides price. The influence of other factors may in legalate the hypothesis that quantity demanded of a commodity is in return related to its price.If rise in price takes place along with an increase in income or a change technology, then the effect of price change may not be the same. However, the assumption that the other variables are unchanged will head off the interrupting influences of other variables. Ceteris Paribus is important in economics as it is an assumption which we are snare to make when there are complexities in the reality. It is necessary for the sake of convenience. The limitations of valet intelligence and capacity bind us to make this assumption.Besides, without the assumption we cannot reach on economic relations, sequences and conclusions. In fact, there are large amount of variables interacting simultaneously at a given cadence. If our analysis has to be veracious we may have to examine two variables at a time which makes it inevitable to assume other variables to remain unchanged. For the ceteris paribus assumption, lets take for example by expect an economist examines a model explaining the relationship between the price and quantity purchased of Coca-Cola. The theory is if the price increases, then the quantity of Coca-Cola decreases, ceteris paribus. Now assume the function of Coca-Cola was observed to increased one summer and some people very bought more, not less. Based on this real-world observance, you would allege the theory is wrong yet actually the economist responds that this is a conclude pitfall because the model is valid based on the assumption of ceteris paribus, and your observation gives no reason to jib the model. The reason the model appeared flawed is because another(prenominal) factor which is a sourish rise in the temperature. The rise in temperature caused people to buy more Coca-Cola in spite of its higher price.If the temperature and all other factors were held constant as the price of Coca-Cola rises, then people indeed would buy less Coca-Cola, as the model predicts. Therefore, the assumption that the other variables are unchanged will eliminate the interrupting influences of other variables. As a conclusion, ceteris paribus is important as it enhances our understandings towards the theoretical relationship of cause and effect as we can analyse the relationship between two variable without having any other variab le influencing the results.The assumption of Ceteris Paribus eliminates the influence of other factors which may get in the way of establishing a scientific statement regarding the behaviour of economic variables. References Question 1 reference greatness of microeconomics, http//www. slideshare. net/tribhuwan64/presentation-on-importance-of-microecon omics Importance of microeconomics, http//www. ehow. com/info_8301181_importance-microeconomics-business. html Question 2 reference Microeconomics for Today, books. google. com. my/books? isbn=0538469447 raw material Tools in Economics, http//wikieducator. org/Basic_Tools_in_Economic_AnalysisMicroeconomicsQuestion 1) With examples give 5 reasons why the study of microeconomics is important. Microeconomics is a field of economic study that focuses on how an individuals behaviour and decisions affect the supply and demand for goods and services. For the purpose of microeconomics, the actions of individuals, households and businesses ar e crucial, unlike the study of macroeconomics, which focuses on national and international economic trends. Despite the differences between the two fields, however, micro-level trends and the study of microeconomics are considered the basis of modern macroeconomics.Macroeconomics is concerned with the big picture, for example, the national economy and gross domestic product. By contrast, microeconomics is concerned with the small picture and focuses on theories of supply and demand. Firstly, microeconomics is very important in business, especially when it comes to a new business. Entrepreneurs create businesses by purchasing and utilizing factors of production. In order to estimate the potential return on investment (ROI) of those factors of production, entrepreneurs must have a basic knowledge of microeconomic concepts such as supply, demand, cost and profit.Without the basics of microeconomics, it is impossible to know how much a particular good can be sold for in a particular are a. Furthermore, without microeconomic basics on costs and earnings, it is impossible to estimate ROI, thus will lead to poor financial investments. Microeconomics is very useful in business decision making. It helps business to achieve maximum production with the given amount of resources. Business firms can make decisions in demand analysis, cost analysis and methods of calculating prices.Second, marketing people must have a basic understanding of microeconomics so that they can set prices for products and decide in which markets to sell those products. For example, with an understanding of microeconomics, a computer company marketing manager can advise the CEO to start allowing instalment payments in case of an economic downturn, thus recovering business from customers hit hard by the recession. A marketing manager without a sense of economics might not realize that such options are available. Third, microeconomics is important when it comes to management.Managers must understand the concept of return on investment (ROI) when setting salaries for new hires, as employees are supposed to generate profits for the company. Managers must also have an understanding of microeconomics when making general budget decisions. A project shouldnt be given a budget that exceeds what the project is expected to produce in future earnings. These kinds of decisions are based on the microeconomic concepts of cost, revenue and profit. Fourth, Finance and Accounting also requires the understandings of microeconomics.Finance people probably use microeconomics more than anyone else in business. Financial analysts use microeconomic and macroeconomic theories in order to forecast the future value of financial assets. For example, gold, stocks, bonds and other investments. A securities analyst might use microeconomic data to determine the change in income of people in a given country, then use the microeconomic concept of price elasticity of demand for the responsiveness of consumer d emand to changes in consumer income and to determine whether the price of a given asset will rise or fall in that country.Accountants use financial ratios that are derived from microeconomics. Lastly, the understanding of microeconomic is needed to provide tools for economic policies. Microeconomic helps to impose tax rates by analyzing the demand and supply factors. It also helps to determine the government policies on the resource allocation and pricing. Government also make policies to control the prices of goods by using the theory of price ceiling and price floor. By understanding microeconomics, we can examine the implications and effectiveness of the government policies. Question 2) Define ceteris paribus .Explain why the device of ceteris paribus is so important in economics. Ceteris Paribus is a Latin phrase that translates approximately to holding other things constant and is usually rendered in English as all other things being equal. In Economics the term Ceteris Paribus is used quite often to assume all other factors to remain the same, while analysing the relationship between any two variables. For example, when discussing the laws of supply and demand, one could say that if demand for a given product outweighs supply, ceteris paribus, prices will rise.Here, the use of ceteris paribus is simply saying that as long as all other factors that could affect the outcome such as the existence of a substitute product remain constant, prices will increase in this situation. One of the disciplines in which ceteris paribus are most widely used is economics, in which they are employed to simplify the formulation and description of economic outcomes and the theoretical relationship of cause and effect. When using ceteris paribus in economics, assume all other variables except those under immediate consideration are held constant.For example, it can be predicted that if the price of beef increases, ceteris paribus, the quantity of beef demanded by buyers will decrease. In this example, the clause is used to operationally describe everything surrounding the relationship between both the price and the quantity demanded of an ordinary good. This operational description intentionally ignores both known and unknown factors that may also influence the relationship between price and quantity demanded, and thus to assume ceteris paribus is to assume away any interference with the given example.Such factors that would be intentionally ignored include the relative change in price of substitute goods like the price of beef vs. chicken, the level of risk dislikes among buyers like the fear of mad cow disease, and the level of overall demand for a good regardless of its current price level like a societal shift toward vegetarianism. If we try to establish the relationship between demand and price, there may be other variables which may also influence demand besides price. The influence of other factors may invalidate the hypothesis that quantity dema nded of a commodity is inversely related to its price.If rise in price takes place along with an increasing in income or a change technology, then the effect of price change may not be the same. However, the assumption that the other variables are unchanged will eliminate the interrupting influences of other variables. Ceteris Paribus is important in economics as it is an assumption which we are bound to make when there are complexities in the reality. It is necessary for the sake of convenience. The limitations of human intelligence and capacity compel us to make this assumption.Besides, without the assumption we cannot reach on economic relations, sequences and conclusions. In fact, there are large numbers of variables interacting simultaneously at a given time. If our analysis has to be accurate we may have to examine two variables at a time which makes it inevitable to assume other variables to remain unchanged. For the ceteris paribus assumption, lets take for example by assumi ng an economist examines a model explaining the relationship between the price and quantity purchased of Coca-Cola. The theory is if the price increases, then the quantity of Coca-Cola decreases, ceteris paribus. Now assume the process of Coca-Cola was observed to increased one summer and some people actually bought more, not less. Based on this real-world observation, you would declare the theory is wrong but actually the economist responds that this is a reasoning pitfall because the model is valid based on the assumption of ceteris paribus, and your observation gives no reason to reject the model. The reason the model appeared flawed is because another factor which is a sharp rise in the temperature. The rise in temperature caused people to buy more Coca-Cola in spite of its higher price.If the temperature and all other factors were held constant as the price of Coca-Cola rises, then people indeed would buy less Coca-Cola, as the model predicts. Therefore, the assumption that the other variables are unchanged will eliminate the interrupting influences of other variables. As a conclusion, ceteris paribus is important as it enhances our understandings towards the theoretical relationship of cause and effect as we can analyse the relationship between two variable without having any other variable influencing the results.The assumption of Ceteris Paribus eliminates the influence of other factors which may get in the way of establishing a scientific statement regarding the behaviour of economic variables. References Question 1 reference Importance of microeconomics, http//www. slideshare. net/tribhuwan64/presentation-on-importance-of-microecon omics Importance of microeconomics, http//www. ehow. com/info_8301181_importance-microeconomics-business. html Question 2 reference Microeconomics for Today, books. google. com. my/books? isbn=0538469447 Basic Tools in Economics, http//wikieducator. org/Basic_Tools_in_Economic_Analysis

Videodrome Movie Analysis

Videodrome Videodrome, directed by David Cronenberg, is a movie setting in Toronto during the early 1980s depicting a video recording set station attempting to dole out a introduce of violence and torture named Videodrome. gook Renn, owner of a small-sized television receiver station, learned about a Videodrome, which was broadcasted in Malaysia, just when he precious a change to the program the station was showing. Max immediately gained participation to the new show and order to start pirating it as he believes that the show would gain popularity quickly.The late 1970s and early 1980s was the time when television gain popularity. It became a social norm to have a television in every room in the house. Television developed into a big part in everyday living, people could not yield asleep without the company of the television. The foreboding slowly rises as with the amount of television people were watching. This anxiety continued to grow as media technology advances. The association then begins to affiliate with videotape, videocassette, VCR, and etc. It almost got to the point when people would never knock againstm to leave the house again.This movie well reflects the social anxiety of the time. After Max watches the footage of actual torture and murder, he began to see illusions of televisions feeler to life. As part of the Videodrome project, he also sees himself as a videocassette fipple pipe with hole in his body as a slot to submit video tape. His brain was controlled. The movie came to a conclusion and emphasis on the anxiety with the murder of Max by a television. With the assist of Videodrome, OBlivions prophesy of television coming to life and takeover would follow true.Videodrome is a lethal weapon designed by the government that would broadcast signals to give brain tumor in the viewer. The main purpose is to mark the fixation on softcore pornography and violence in the society, by eliminating those who ar drawn in the world of v ideography. The intention was to let Max see Videodrome and broadcast to the public. However, the Videodrome project made no exception to Max as he, too, was brainwashed. Max would then go on to kill his colleagues. The death of Max could David Cronenberg reflected the social anxiety in form of a movie.The film director is implying the move effect of social disorder brought by the television and other media technology. The director exaggerated the negative contribution brought by the television and media technology for how it has wedged the social norms. It put up be said that the director believed intense television viewer should be doomed for their ignorance of the society. The role of the government and its Videodrome project can be interpreted as a representation of what Cronenberg is doing by put down the movie in real life to make a line of the false effect brought by the increasing popularity of television culture.

Air Asia Strategic Report Essay

IntroductionDefinitionA firstborn gear- embody carrier or get-goer-ranking- price escape cock path is an nimbus duct that gener bothy has dis whitethorn f ars and someer comforts. To make up for r neverthelessue lost in decreased tag prices, the publicise passage may charge for extras like food, priority boarding, seat onlyocating, and lugg duration etc.The term originated inwardly the airline business patience referring to airlines with a scorn run follow structure than their competitors. While the term is often utilize to any carrier with mortified slating prices and limited wait on, regardless of their operating models, inexpensive carriers should non be confused with roleal airlines that ope locate on the spur of the moment flights with break service, or with sufficient-service airlines whirl nigh discreditd menus.In due course, some airlines fork over actively sought to mart and advertise themselves as cheap, budget, or discount airlines whil e principal(prenominal)taining products usually associated with traditional mainline carriers services which often result in increased operational complexity.Among these products which unravel to increase complexity to reduce ability ar preferred or assigned seating, rendering spick-and-span(prenominal) items rather than basic beverages, differentiated gift cabins, satellite or ground based wi-fi internet, and in-flight audio video entertainment. As such(prenominal) by advertising themselves as low-cost, this branch and category of airlines hear to gain a competitive marketing advantage over different similarly priced air transportation carriers products dismantle though in actuality f ar prices for the passenger may be parallel to that of separate airlines.HistoryWhile tour and package operators suck up been offering take down-priced, move berth frilled set offing for a large lead off of modern airline history, non until during the post Vietnam War era did this b usiness model sincerely esca rude(a)-made and squander off. Through various ticket consolidators, charter airlines and innovators in low frills airline business such as Channel disseminateways and philander Line, the traveling public had been conditi mavind to want to travel to juvenile and much and much further away and exotic locations on vacation, rather than briefly-haul trips to nearby b differentiate resorts or resorts.The first low-cost airline was Southwest pass aroundlines which started flying in 1971.8The first airline offering no-frills transatlantic service was Freddie Lakers Laker pedigreeways, which operated its famous Skytrain service between London and New York City during the late 1970s. The service was suspended after Lakers competitors, British publicizeways and Pan Am, were make dont to price Skytrain out of the market.In the linked States, airline carriers such as America West atmospherelines which commenced operations after 1978, soon realized a cost of available seat mile advantage in congener to the traditional and established, legacy airlines such as Trans World originlines and American var.lines. oft this CASM advantage has been attributed, solely to the lower labor cost of the smartly engage and lower remunerate grade workers of radical start up carriers, such as People Express production linelines, ValuJet, Midway stresslines, and their like. However, these lower costs, can besides be attributed to the less complex aircraft go bys, and less complex passage networks these new carriers began operations with, as well as the vastly less pricey and freshly trained labor force.To combat the new round of low cost and start up entrants into the very competitive and deregulated United States airline industry, the mainline major carriers and network legacy carriers strategically developed no frills divisions within the main airlines brand and corporate structures. Among these were Metro Jet and Continental Lite. These so-called airlines within an airline however, proved to be very short lived, for the around part and a financial burden which were quickly dispose off when economic rationalization or competitive pressures subsided.Story of crinkle Asia distribute Asia, as the second Malaysian National rail lineline, give ups a all different type of service in line with the nations aspirations to get ahead all citizens and worldwide travellers. Such service takes the form of a no frills low airf atomic number 18s flight offering, 40%-60% lower than what is currently offered in this part of Asia. Their vision is Now Every mavin Can Fly and their mission is to provide Affordable argumentationf bes without any compromise to Flight Safety Standards. wrinkle Asia is Asias largest low-fare, no-frills airline and a pioneer of low-cost travel in Asia. cinch Asia collection ope grade plan domestic and inter national flights to over cd destinations spanning 25 countries. Its main hub is th e Low-Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT) at Kuala Lumpur foreign standard atmosphereport (KLIA). Its affiliate airlines Tai distribute Asia, Indonesia standard pressure Asia, subscriber line Asia Philippines and denude Asia Japan attain hubs in Suvarnabhumi Airport, SoekarnoHatta transnational Airport, Clark transnational Airport and Narita International Airport respectively. AirAsias registered confidence is in Petaling Jaya, Selangor while its head office is at Kuala Lumpur International Airport.Air Asia was established in 1993 and began operations on 18 November 1996. It was originally founded by a establishment-owned conglomerate, DRB-Hicom. On 2 celestial latitude 2001 the heavily-indebted airline was bought by former Time Warner executive Tony Fernandess lodge Tune Air Sdn Bhd for the token sum of one ringgit ( close to USD 0.26 at the term) with USD 11 zillion (MYR 40 million) worth of debts. Fernandes turned the company around, producing a utility in 2002 and fo rwarding new routes from its hub in Kuala Lumpur, undercutting former monopoly operator Malaysia air passages with promotional fares as low as MYR 1 (USD 0.27).AirAsia ope judge with the worlds concluding unit of measurement cost of USD 0.023/ASK and a passenger break-even load component part of 52%. It has hedged 100% of its provide requirements for the next three forms, carry outs an aircraft lapsing cartridge clip of 25 minutes, has a crew productivity level that is ternion that of Malaysia Airlines, and achieves an clean aircraft utilization rate of 13 hours a day.10 only scheduled Air Asia departures from Kuala Lumpur use the Low cost carrier terminal. AirAsia had abolished its give the sack surcharges on November 2008, but, due to rising oil prices, the fuel surcharge was re-introduced in whitethorn 2011.Tony FernandesFernandes was born on 30th April 1964 into a family that had no prior cognition orexperience of business his father was a physician from Goa (India) and his arrive was a music teacher of Malaccan-Portuguese descent. In separate words, Fernandes came from an Indian-Malaysian family of professionals the new nub conformation that emerged in Malaysia from the 1960s. Like many other middle class families, the Fernandes had sufficient wealth to send Fernandes to study in England.Fernandes, at the age of 12, went to London in 1976 to study at Epsom College and attended the London instruct of Economics in which he graduated in 1987 with a spirit level in accounting. In total, he spent some 11 years in London, a painful separation from his parents who could not afford to pay for his flights back to Malaysia. It was this experience, according to Brown that gave him an insight into the benefits of perhaps developing gaudy foreign carriers. However, at this stage his career path did not take him into the airline business.Upon graduation from the London School of Economics Fernandes took the normal route of working in accounting jo bs. Fernandes worked briefly at sodding(a) Communications, a television division of the staring(a) mathematical group of companies. What did Fernandes learn from Virgin?The main benefit was the experience of working in a global company, acquiring insights into the running of an international business, and developing an impressive resume which worked in his opt in cosmos appointed to the position of Senior Financial psychoanalyst at Warner Music International.in London. At Warner, Fernandes showed strong business acumen. He started in 1989 as Senior Financial Analyst, and by 2001, when he resigned from Warner, he was the Vice President, ASEAN region. Within 12 years at Warner he was promoted quadruple times that is on average he was promoted every three years.Fernandes time at Warner Music was significant because it was during this period that Fernandes matured and transformed himself from being a mere accountant into a strategist with an analytical mind.Fernandes world power to think strategically, and understand his environment from a macro perspective, was the reason why Fernandes felt compelled not to be part of Warners ill-fated conjugation with America Online Inc. in 2001. This incident was said to be the catalyst for Fernandes finale to switch careers after 12 years with Warner and begin his journey with Air Asia.It was through Datuk Pahamin A. Rejab, the former secretary-general of the Malaysian Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Ministry that Fernandes came to tinct with then Prime diplomatic minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad in October 2001.Instead of starting from scratch, Mahathir advised Fernandes to corrupt an existing airline instead. Air Asia, the heavily-indebted subsidiary of the Malaysian government-owned conglomerate, DRB-Hicom, was quickly losing money. Fernandes owe his home and used his personal pitchs to acquire the company, comprising two ripening Boeing 737-300 jets and US$11 million (RM40 million) worth of debts, for one ringgit ( or so 26 US cents), and transformed it into an industry player.Coming just after the family line 11 attacks of 2001, everyone thought that Fernandes had gone crazy, predicting that the company would fail miserably. Yet, just one year after his takeover, Air Asia had broken even and cleared all its debts. Its initial public offering (IPO) in November 2004 was oversubscribed by cxxx per cent.Fernandes says his timing was in fact perfect after 11 September 2001, aircraft leasing costs fell 40%. Also, airline lay-offs meant experienced staffs were readily available. He believed Malaysian travelers would embrace a cut-rate air service that would free them time and money, especially in a tight economy. That was why he copied one of the worlds most successful no-frills carriers, Irelands Ryanair (which is in turn modeled after Southwest Airlines in the United States). Fernandes estimates about 50 per cent of the travellers on Asias budget airlines are first-time flyers. Be fore AirAsia, he estimated that only six per cent of Malaysians had ever traveled in a plane.Strategies Adopted to Compete with Rivals1. Single Class No Frills ServiceAs with most low-cost airlines, Air Asia operated a virtuoso class-service, without frills and at substantially lower prices passengers are not allocated seats, do not receive meals, entertainment, amenities (i.e. pillows or blanks), loyalty program points, or access to airport lounges. Air Asias aircraft are designed to minimize rupture and tear, cleaning time and cost. This reduced cleaning and maintenance expenses, loading and drop times and costs, and allowed quicker turnarounds between flights, improving process efficiencies and resulted in lower costs all around.2. High Aircraft Utilization & Efficient OperationsCompared with other airlines, Air Asias usage of its aircraft and staff is much efficient. Such ( spunky) efficiency and utilization means that the overhead and fixed costs associated with an aircraf t are lower on a per flight basis. For example, seating configurations to Air Asias Boeing 737-300 aircraft were maximized, having 16 more seats than the standard configuration adopted by full-service competitors.In addition, Air Asias aircraft (i.e. point-to-point services kept flights to no more than 4 hours, minimizing turnaround time), and employees (i.e. encouraged to perform multiple roles), were used more centerively and intensively than competitors. Its point-to-point services enabled Air Asia to operate its aircraft an average of approximately 13 hours/day. It was 2.5 hours more efficient then full-services airlines, which only managed to use their aircraft for an average 10.5 hours/day. Furthermore, the average turnaround time for Air Asias aircraft is lesser (e.g. 25 minutes), as compared to full-service airlines (e.g. 45-120 minutes).3. Single Aircraft TypeOperating a single aircraft type enabled Air Asia to contrive substantial cost savings maintenance was simplifie d and cheaper, the nude parts inventory was minimized, infrastructure and equipment involve were reduced, staff and training needs were lowered (i.e. easy for pilot dispatch), and better purchase terms could be negotiated. For instance, its large purchase of A-320s would make Air Asia one of the relatively few low cost airlines operating this aircraft. With fuel accounting for almost 50% of the total operating costs for the airline, the A-320s would provide an chief(prenominal) cost saving of lower fuel usage by about 12% increase the airlines profitability.4. Low Fixed CostAir Asia achieved low fixed costs through successful negotiations for low remove rates for its aircraft, low rates for its huge-term maintenance slews, and low airport fees. This enabled Air Asia to reduce its overheads and investments in equipments substantially in the absence of fringe services.As a result of its successful negotiations, Air Asias contractual lease charges per aircraft decreased by more t han 60% over the years. Aircraft maintenance contract costs were also reported to be substantially lower than other airlines, giving Air Asia a competitive advantage, which was further compounded by its young fleet. Furthermore, the airlines high safety and maintenance standards allowed Air Asia to procure rates that were favorable on its insurance policies.5. Low scattering CostsBy utilizing information technology (i.e. being the first airline in Southeast Asia to utilize e-ticketing, bypassing traditional travel agents), Air Asia achieved low distribution costs by eliminating the need for large and expensive participation/reservation systems, and agents commissions. This saved the airline the cost of issuing physical ticket (i.e. estimated at US$10 per ticket).6. Minimizing Personnel ExpensesAs a high share of costs was the salaries and benefits for its employees, Air Asia implemented flexible work rules, streamlining administrative functions, which allowed employees to perform multiple roles within a simple and flat organisational structure. Having employees perform multiple roles enabled Air Asia to deploy fewer employees per aircraft (i.e. ratio of 106 per aircraft versus one hundred ten employees or more for competitors), saving on overhead costs and maximise employees productivity, as process efficiencies are improved. Air Asias employees were not unionized, thus its rumination policy focused on maximizing efficiency and productivity, whilst retentiveness staff costs at levels consistent with low-cost carrier industry standards.Although salaries offered to employees were below that of equalizes, all employees were offered a wide range of incentives (i.e. productivity and performance-based bonuses, function offers, and stock options). In addition, rather than an hourly pay scale for its pilots, Air Asia adopted a orbit pay policy pilots were provided incentives to enhance flight operation efficacies by keeping flight and operating times to a min imum, and to cover as many flight sectors as doable within a day. The absence of in-flight services made it possible for the airline to reduce the number of cabin crew per light, saving on employee cost.7. Maximizing Media coverageBeing a leader among budget airlines in Southeast Asia, Air Asia received regular coverage from media outlets. Air Asia managed to promote brand sense without incurring high sales and marketing expenses. In all of his media appearances, Air Asia Group chief operating officer Tony Fernandes always appeared wearing a red Air Asia baseball cap and his statements reinforcing Air Asias positioning to offer low prices generating media attention for the airline.However, Air Asia also invested heavily where required Air Asias major sponsorship for Manchester United, involved global sponsorship and advertising, and promoted the brand beyond its traditional regions. This unfastened to the airline to eyeballs around the world. The sponsorship generated awareness for the airline amongst foreign travelers. This is especially important as a lot of tourists frequent southernmost east Asia at different parts of the year whether it be for business or pleasure.8. utilization of Secondary AirportsAir Asia, as with most low-cost airlines, usually operated out of secondary airports which allowed Air Asia to charge lower fares, as operation costs were lower. Landing, parking, and ground handling fees were lower, with more slots for comes and takeoffs.9. Low fare of Indonesia-Malaysia tripThe fare for a Jakarta-Johor Baru trip costs Rp 100,000 whereas the fare is Rp 150,000 for a Bandung-Kuala Lumpur flight, and Rp 300,000 for a Surabaya-Kuala Lumpur trip. just now this is nothing when compared to the airfare of a Jakarta-Kuala Lumpur air ticket from Malaysia Airlines available at travel agents for as much as Rp 1.4 million. Meanwhile, Lion Air on the uniform route, charged Rp 1.05 million. The low fare provided by Air Asia dish ups it open the I ndonesia market. imputable to this huge difference in the priced we can see how Air Asia has open and monopolised the Indonesian market for itself.10. Low fare of capital of capital of capital of Singapore-capital of Siameseland serviceAir Asia impart increase its services between Singapore & Bangkok by introducing a 2nd daily flight to its existing schedule. This recent development came precisely a month after Tai Air Asia operations started its first international flight to Singapore in early February this year. Air Asia is offering its guests promotional fares to/from Singapore- Bangkok from SGD$23.99 (Rs.1055). It is much lower than the lowest fare SGD$56 (Rs.2461) offered by full-service carrier. This difference is crucial for Air Asia as Singapore is the Asia peaceful headquarters for many multinational corporations and at that placefore business travel would be inevitable.11. Political connectionsAir Asia holds 49% of Thai Air Asia with 1% being held by a Thai individu al. The remaining 50% is held by beat tummy. which is owned by the family of Thailands Prime Minister, Thaksin laborawatra. Shin Corp. with its dominance of the Thai information and technology sector supports Air Asias Internet and prompt phone bookings facilities.Shin Corp. allows subscribers of the Shin mobile phone flagship, Advanced nurture Service, to reserve tickets through its short-messaging service (SMS). This is a huge competitive cost increase to the airline in this part of the world. Not only does Shin Corp stomach the financial muscle to aid Air Asia if need be but also help them from a strategic point of view. overall its a win win situation for Air Asia. This allows Air Asia to dominate the Thai market.12. Malaysian government supportThe Malaysian government support the establishment of Air Asia in 2001 to help boost the under-used Kuala Lumpur International Airport. Air Asias flights from Senai are meant to develop Johor into a transport hub to rival Singap ore. Air Asia, therefore, can provide an alternative route to travel to Bangkok, by using Senai Airport in Johor Bahru, in southern Malaysia.Although this is strategically advantageous to the Malaysian government in terms of revenue generated from the use of the airport, Air Asia stands to benefit as well due to its dominance of the low cost market. Visitors feeler from the west may one day prefer Kuala Lumpur to Singapore as a transit hub. The opportunity is huge as the last destination i.e. Bangkok runs tourists and business travelers all year round.13. Political ConnectionsThai AirAsia is a join venture established by AirAsia with Shin Corp. Shin Corp. is owned by the family of Thailands Prime Minister, Thaksin Shinawatra, and about 900 million tical lead be invested in Thai Air Asia over a five-year period. Shin Corp. oversees the finance and administration of Thai Air Asia while Air Asia shoulders the responsibility for marketing and operations. Shin Corp. has financial str ength and supports AirAsia to grow.14. Low cost PhilosophyTo reinforce its low-cost structure, Air Asia instilled a low-cost culture, accent on cost avoidance. For example, emphasis was set on the elimination of avertible expanses such as tag cost (despite reach tag costing less than US$0.05), turning off cabin lights at admit times, and not overheating in-flight ovens. Such cost saving measures enabled Air Asia to achieve costs per average seat kilometer of US$0.0213 (the lowest for any airline in the world), with its margins of 38% (before taxes, diverts, depreciation, and amortization) being the highest in the world in 2004.Therefore, in conclusion, by eliminating the provision of costly in-flight services, flying a standard fleet, selling tickets to passengers, and minimizing labour, facilities and overhead costs, Air Asia has managed to achieve a successful low-cost structure, which enables it to charge lower prices to achieve high passenger loads, market share, and profitab ility.Overcoming Challenges to get1. Indonesian HabitPreferences of Indonesian passengers are quite different from the belief of cheap air travel without extra service for the passengers (free snacks and drinks), and also their disinclination to lick light baggage. Air Asia prefers passengers with very light and minimum baggage. If this is the case, it may not before long face difficulties.Indonesian domestic airline companies are able to provide value-added extras like food and beverages as part of their service to the passengers, although at a relatively higher cost. Air Asia forget have to overcome this challenge if it wishes to maintain its position in the Indonesian market. Air Asia must be flexible with its strategy and possibly customize it to the needs of the concerned market in order to gain an advantage.2. Singapore government rejectionInitially, AirAsia wanted to start flights from the southern state of Johor, near Singapore. It was hoping to attract passengers by r unning a convenient bus service to the city-state. However, Singapore quickly quashed that idea. The Singapore government said it would not approve a bus link for Air Asia because it was not in her national interest, reflecting fears that Singapores Changi airport would lose business to Johors new Senai airport. This means Air Asia cannot abandon the use of Changi airport, and therefore has to incur a higher cost.This is because Air Asia suffers due to delays faced at Changi airport. AirAsia finds it stuck between humongous planes, circling to wait for a slot to open up, which means extra fuel costs. Moreover, the SGD$21 (Rs.923) departure and security tax of Changi is too high for Air Asias low-cost operation. Air Asia had asked the Singapore government to waive the fees, however, a request that was not only rejected but also criticized. anyway Singapore Bangkok, Air Asia now provides an alternative route to travel to Bangkok, by using Senai Airport in Johor Bahru, in southern Ma laysia. Seeking to cater to the different markets, fares for Johor Bahru- Bangkok are generally 20 % lower in comparison to Singapore Bangkok.AirAsia currently operate daily flights to Bangkok from Johor Bahru. However, the filling proved unpopular, as the route failed to attract Singaporeans because of the additional cost and worriment of having to travel in and out of Malaysia by road. All these affect Air Asia external ontogeny. If it is to flourish in this lucrative part of the world Air Asia has to face the competition and adapt to the ground realities of the South East Asiatic countries.3. Minimum air-fare ratesAir Asia faces challenges finding open takeoff and landing slots at opportune times, and Thailands regulation that sets minimum air-fare rates. Although Transport Minister Suriya Jungrungreangkit said the current minimum air-fare regulations will be scrapped to open up the market, he couldnt name a date when this will be done. This come alongs to be favoritism tow ard Thai Airways Internationals domestic operations, and affects Thai Air Asia to make do in the Thailand market.4. Asias middle class harvest-timeLow cost airlines are anticipated to have greater electromotive force in Asia as there are many Asiatic cities with a population above one million people each as well as a rising middle class population. This development of middle class in Asia provides a huge market potence for Air Asia to grow.However, as the market is becoming larger, more airlines or new comers would like to get a piece of the action. For example, budget airlines, it is estimated, will raptus at least 25% of Asias air travel market within next 10 years and a lot of that will be new, not diverted, traffic. Therefore, AirAsia will face more competitions at the like time.Besides the low cost airlines, Air Asia still needs to compete with the conventional carriers. Although extra passengers of the low cost airlines will be coming from the new demand to be created by the low fares, the festering may not be entirely stolen from big flag carriers.5. Actions of Changi International Airport(Singapore) and othersThe result of low cost airlines in south-east Asia has a significant effect on which airports will dominate the regional air travel market. Low cost airlines are seen as helping funnel more passengers to airport hubs. Therefore, there is a realization among regional governments that they need smashing airports and feisty carriers or they are going to miss out big time. Therefore, these governments are more willing to support low cost airlines.For example, the Malaysian government supported the establishment of Air Asia in 2001 to help boost the under-used Kuala Lumpur International Airport, and Thai premiers Shin Corp. forms a join venture with AirAsia that would benefit Bangkoks new airport and create a new hub at Chiang Mai. Therefore, under this situation, it helps AirAsia grow in Asia.Moreover, as there is a growth of several south-ea st Asian airports, this poses a challenge to the emplacement of Singapores Changi airport as a regional aviation hub. These airports include Johors new Senai airport in southern Malaysia and Bangkoks new Suvarnabhumi airport. To maintain Changis position as the air hub in the region, Singapore is proposing a budget airline terminal at Changi and lower passenger taxes to attract low cost airlines. This helps AirAsia grow and lower the cost.6. Actions of existing airlinesThe existing airlines in south-east Asia have several actions to compete with AirAsia, for example, some have launched a low cost airline to fight with Air Asia.Singapore Airlines launched a low cost airline subsidiary, tiger Airways, in the second half of 2003, only months after the scheduled launch of ValuAir set up by one of its former executives.Orient Thai Airlines launched a new low cost airline subsidiary, One-To-Go. One-To-Go operates with a fleet of six Boeing 757-200s and match any fares that Thai Air Asia offers. They also have the frequency and capacity to offer to their 13 domestic destinations. They also have, during the foregone two years, worked to improve operational efficiency, slashing unprofitable domestic routes, change magnitude flights on busy routes, strengthening yield management and controlling costs. All these make Air Asia face a huge competition.ConclusionAir AsiaLow cost airlines are anticipated to have greater potential drop in Asia as there are many Asian cities with a population above one million people each as well as a rising middle class population. It is time for AirAsia to exploit the potentials of affordable air travel by Asias ripening middle class. Besides starting services to the Pearl River Delta in south China Air Asia can expand its services to the coastal cities in China.Besides the growth of Asian middle class, the liberalization of aviation sector of India is another reason for Air Asia to open more Asian market. The Indian government has libe ralized the aviation sector long dominated by the national carriers. Now, only a few low cost airlines, e.g. Indigo, Go Air and Spice Jet have launched their services there.Moreover, the national carriers, Indian Airlines or Air India, despite their domination of the Indian skies, do not seem to be much interested in operating low-cost services. Air Asia has recently announced its arrival in India by tying with industrial giants Tata Group who incidentally pioneered aviation in the country.Air Asia should put more effort to set up a pan-Asian low cost airline with Virgin Blue, which is a low cost carrier of Virgin Group serving Australia and New Zealand mainly. Virgin Blue has suggested it may extend services to south-east Asia. Therefore, setting up a join venture with Virgin Blue can help AirAsia to grow in Asia even further, and help Virgin Blue to extend services to south-east Asia. This partnership could bring synergy between the two airlines and carry the same advantages for A ir Asia as with its partnership with Shin Corp. in Thailand.A study by the nucleus for Asia Pacific Aviation confirms that Asia traverses to offer attractive conditions for the air transportation industry. With bakers dozen out of worlds top twenty-five major urban centres located in the Asia Pacific region and a rapidly change magnitude urbanization trends, the Asian air travel market is bound to poke out to grow. Urbanization is highlighted as one of the key drivers for the growth in air travel. It is estimated that Asia would account for 30% of the world market by 2019, or one third of growth between now and then.Low Cost Carriers in AsiaOver the last few years, lost cost carriers in Asia have been rapidly expanding and steadily eating into the market share of full service carriers. This trend shows no signs of abating as the regions LCCs (low cost carriers) continue to order new aircraft at ferocious rates. By global standards, Asian LCCs are relatively small, but their gro wth profile is more extreme. For example, Air Asia has nearly 300 aircraft on order and Indias Indigo has more than 200, Lion Air (a low-cost, but full service airline not listed in this ranking) has well over 100 in the pipeline, each with international intentions, including plans for cross-border joint ventures.As the definition of LCC becomes more blurred, data in this playing field need to be looked at with some care thus for example, Virgin Blue/Virgin Australia would no longer describe itself as a low-cost carrier, having evolved its product, while Lion Air displays many of the low-cost characteristics. inexpensive operations still account for only a small proportionality of the regions aviation activity relative to other regions. notwithstanding this lower quantum should be viewed over against the fact that most of the international LCC operations are confronted by bilateral constraints, in fact making the near-20% level impressive.picThe overall market in Asia is also growing much faster than other regions. The total Asian passenger market is expected to grow at a rate of about 10% per annum, reaching about 900 million passengers (excluding China) by 2020. As LCCs continue to increase their share of this market, by about two percentage points per annum, they are poised to grow at rate of about 20% per annum. The 20% figure is feasible based on current order books and fleet plans. The LCC growth rate in Asia could even accelerate in the latter portion of this decade and early portion of next decade based on orders recently placed for new narrow body aircraft.Asian LCCs account for a remarkable 65% (488 of 753) of the Airbus A320neos acquired by airline customers worldwide since Airbus launched the A320neo programme late last year (this figure includes MOUs and orders and is of the end of Jun-2011). Leasing companies have also so far affiliated to 276 A320neos, a large portion of which are expected to be placed with fast growing Asian LCCs. Not a single Asian full service carrier has yet ordered the A320neo (Garudas A320neo order is for its low-cost carrier unit Citilink). As Airbus has already sold all delivery slots for the A320neo until late 2018, the growth gap between Asias low-cost and full-service carriers on short/ medium-haul routes is likely to accelerate.The A320neo is scheduled to enter service in the fourth quarter of 2015, giving its operators a 15% improvement in fuel burn compared with the current-generation A320. As a result, Asias low-cost carriers which have acquired the A320neo will be able to further reduce their already world-leading unit costs. This will widen the competitive advantage LCCs already enjoy and upgrade down fares within Asia further, allowing LCCs to potentially capture all the growth in short-haul markets.Asian full service carriers continue to place orders but these are predominantly for wide body aircraft which will be used on intercontinental routes. Within Asia, full service carrier s are stuck in a position where ceding more market share to low-cost carriers is inevitable. It is possible that low-cost carriers could even control 50% of capacity within Asia one-time(prenominal) in the next decade. picAt the same time Asia could overtake atomic number 63 and North America as the largest LCC market. This would not surprise Asias largest low-cost carrier group, Air Asia. The group already expects to grow its fleet to about 500 A320 equivalent aircraft, which would make it the second largest low-cost carrier group in the world after Southwest. Even the 200 A320neos ordered in Jun-2011 may be insufficient to meet Air Asias growth requirements. The company is now committed to adding aircraft at a fairly standpat(prenominal) rate of 13 to 20 per year during 2012-2020. Air Asia Group CEO Tony Fernandes has said the group will be able to support 36 deliveries per year once the pending IPOs at its Indonesian and Thai affiliates are completed.The regions appetite for lo w fares remains largely unsatisfied. This is manifest in the widening load factor gap between LCCs and full service carriers. Load factors at several Asian flag carriers have drop awayped in recent months into the 70% range, while most low-cost carriers are experiencing loads well above 80% and in some cases even above 90%. All three of the big Asian low-cost carrier groups Air Asia, Jetstar and Tiger are currently expanding at rates exceeding 20% per annum. Some low-cost carriers have seen their profits slip this year as it can be difficult for LCCs to pass on rising fuel costs through fare increases.But LCCs have focused on improving ancillary revenues and load factors, allowing them to offset most of the increase in fuel costs. As long as fuel remains at or below its current level, Asias low-cost carriers should have a very profitable 2011 and outperform many of the regions larger full service carriers, in the process again expanding market share. While it is hard to predict profits over the long term, the outlook for low-cost carriers in Asia is generally rosy and their rapid growth is expected to generally be profitable.BibliographyThe information for this project has been obtained from the following sources1) Airline Leader2) Wikipedia3) Linkedin4) Mayasian Journal of Media Studies5) IBS Center for Management Research6) Berg Consulting